Computer hardware

Computers Hardware  are a group of physical elements that make up a computer system. This then known refers to the parts of physical or computer components such as monitor, keyboard and computer and data storage, hard disk drive, mouse, printers, central processing unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc., all the physical objects that can be felt Indeed. In contrast, the program exists as ideas, and application, and concepts, and symbols, but has no substance. A combination of hardware and software make up the computing system unusable

 

 Basic computer components

Input devices     

•     Keyboard
•     Image scanner
•     Microphone
•     Pointing device
•     Graphics tablet
•     Joystick
•      Light pen
•     Mouse
•     Pointing stick
•      Touchpad
•     Touchscreen
•     Trackball
•     Webcam
•      Softcam

Output devices   

•     Monitor
•     Printer
•     Speakers
•     Plotter

Removable data storage   

•     Optical disc drive
•     CD-RW
•      DVD+RW
•     Disk pack
•     Floppy disk
•     Memory card
•     USB flash drive

Computer case     

•     Central processing unit (CPU)
•     Hard disk / Solid-state drive
•     Motherboard
•     Network interface controller
•     Power supply
•     Random-access memory (RAM)
•     Sound card
•     Video card

Data ports     

•     Ethernet
•     FireWire (IEEE 1394)
•     Parallel port
•     Serial port
•     Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Telecommunications equipment

Communication devices are used for communication purposes.

Since 1990 become blurred boundaries between communications equipment and information technology equipment as a result of the growth of the Internet and its role in increasing the data transfer communicationAnd communication devices can be divided broadly down into the following categories:

1.     Switching equipment
2.      Analog switches
3.       Numeric keys

    Transmission equipment

•         Transfer lines
•         Fiber Optic                                         

•         Transceiver stations
•         MMS
•         Local loops
•         Communications satellites

    Customer premises equipment
        Special keys
        Local Area Networks
        Modems
        Mobile phones
        Landlines
        Answer machines
        Remote printing machines
        Fax Machines
        Call
        Routers
Sellers
Five world equipment and telecommunications larger (eg: mobile-phone) companies measured by revenue applicable 2011 are:

•     Sweden Ericsson
•     China's Huawei
•     France Alcatel-Lucent
•     Finland / Germany, Nokia Siemens Networks
•     China ZTE

The world's five largest companies routing and switching revenue measured in force in the first quarter of 2012 are:

•     USA Cisco Systems
•     France Alcatel-Lucent
•     China's Huawei
•     United States Juniper Networks
•     China ZTE

The world's 10 largest mobile phone companies in terms of sales and unit of measurement in the fourth quarter of 2012 is (global market share indicated in brackets):

•     South Korea's Samsung (22.7%)
•     Nokia of Finland (18.0%)
•     United States Apple (9.2%)
•     China ZTE (3.4%)

Information technology

Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment and wireless storage and retrieval, transfer and data processing, and be a valuable business scope or other term usually used enterprise.The synonym for computers and computer networks, but also includes other technologies used in the distribution of information such as television and telephones. And many industries linked with information technology, such as computers and software, electronics, Internet, and telecommunications equipment, and electronic commerce and other
The scope of business, Information Technology Association of America has identified information technology as "the study and design, development and application support and implement or manage information systems based on computer. And responsibilities for workers in the field of network management and include, software development and installation, planning and management enterprise IT life cycle, that is which maintain the hardware and software. upgrade, and replace

The human storage and retrieval, processing and transfer of information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia put writing in about 3000 BC, but the term "information technology" sense to talk first appeared in an article published in 1958 in the Harvard Business Review, the authors Levitt .. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have the name of a created word of information technology (IT) and based on the processing techniques and storage used, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of development of information technology: by mechanical (3000 BC - 1450 ), mechanical (1450-1840), electromechanical (1840-1940) and electronic 1940 to the present time, this article focuses on the most recent period (e), which began in about 1940.

Programming language

Programming language is a language designed to communicate instructions to the device, particularly a computer.And can be used for programming languages ​​to create programs or games.

Programming languages ​​used to guide the behavior of machines has been the creation of thousands of different programming languages​​, especially in the field of computers, with many being created every year. Description Most programming languages ​​account inevitable manner, ie, the command sequence, although some languages​​, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, and the use of alternative forms of description.

Usually is split describes the programming language to elements of the total (form) and semantics (meaning). And you know some of the languages ​​and document specifications (for example, you select the C programming language of ISO), while the other languages, such as Perl  .

 

Database

Database is an organized collection of data.Usually data is organized to model relevant aspects of reality (availability in hospitals, for example), in a manner supportive of the processes that require this information (search for unoccupied rooms).

Database management for the purposes of public system (DBMS) is a software system designed to allow the definition, create, query, update, and manage databases. Known DBMSs include MySQL, the Internet, SQLite, and Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, Sybase, dBASE, FoxPro, IBM and DB2. Database is not generally portable across different DBMS, but different DBMSs using standards such as SQL ODBC or JDBC

Computer network

 Computer network is a group of devices interconnected with each other and to exchange information with each other and share printers, files and programs are classified networks by protocols of communication between networks and scale the network structure and its benefits and scope and months networking website and can be considered as computer networks branch of electrical engineering, communications and Computer Science and information technology or computer engineering, since it relies on the theoretical and practical application of the related disciplines

Communication protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network. Well-known communications protocols include Ethernet, a hardware and link layer standard that is widely used for local area networks, and the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP), which defines a set of protocols for communication between multiple networks, for host-to-host data transfer, and for application-specific data transmission formats. Protocols provide the basis for network programming.

Microarchitecture

In Computer Engineering,  microarchitecture sometimes abbreviated to μarch or uarch, and it is called Computer Organization, is a way that is the implementation of the instruction set architecture (ISA) on the processor. And can be implemented ISA A given with different micro-architectures. Applications may vary because of the different goals of a particular design or because of shifts in the structure is a combination of education microarchitecture design group.

Digital electronics

Digital electronics, or digital circuits (e), representing signals by separate bands of similar levels, instead of a continuous range. All levels within the same signal representing the State. Relatively small changes in the levels of analog signals due to manufacturing tolerance, signal attenuation or parasitic noise do not leave a separate envelope, and as a result are ignored by the state signal sensing circuit.

In most cases a number of these states is two, and is represented by two teams effort: one near the reference value (which is what is usually called the "ground" or volt zero) and the value near the supply voltage, corresponding to the "false" ("0") and "true" ("1") values ​​the logical domain, respectively.

Digital techniques are useful because it is easier to get an electronic device to switch to one of a number of countries known to accurately reproduce continuous range of values​​.

Usually made of digital electronic circuits large associations of logic gates, simple electronic representation of Boolean logic functions

Engineering and Computer Engineering

Computer engineering, computer or digital organization, is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It focuses largely on the way by which the CPU performs internally and up to addresses in memory. Often involves the disciplines in computer engineering and electrical engineering, as well as selecting and connecting hardware components to create computers that meet the technical, performance, and cost objectives.

Computer Science

Computer Science or Computer Science (CS manual or Comp Sci) is the scientific and practical approach to calculate and applications. Computer scientist specializing in the theory of calculation and design of computer systems.

And can be divided into sub-fields in a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory (which explores the basic characteristics of the computational problems), is very abstract, while areas such as computer graphics to emphasize real-world applications. Other areas still focus on the challenges in the implementation of the account. For example, the theory of programming language are different ways to describe the account, while the study computer programming in itself investigating various aspects of the use of the programming language and complex systems. Interaction between human and computer are the challenges in making computers and accounts are useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans